Mathematics

In this unit, children grow their number sense from 50 (in Grade 1) all the way to 200, and take the next step with fractions through fair sharing.

They learn to count to 200 by 1s, 10s, 20s, 25s and 50s, forward and backward; read, write and show numbers to 200 and talk about how numbers are used in everyday life; build and break apart numbers using hundreds, tens and ones; compare and order numbers; estimate big collections and check by counting in groups; and explain what makes a number even or odd.

Then they solve fair-share problems with up to 10 items and 2, 3, 4 or 6 sharers. They find shares that are whole numbers, mixed numbers (like 2 and a half) and fractions (like two thirds), learn to count fractional parts, compare shares, and discover that one third and two sixths of the same whole are equal.

Along the way, children practise the mathematical processes and social-emotional skills of Strand A: explaining their thinking, using tools and drawings, and sticking with a problem. Each lesson includes worked examples, pictures, a hands-on activity with things from home, practice questions with answers, a short quiz, and notes for the grown-up helping.

Curriculum expectations covered: B1.1, B1.2, B1.3, B1.4, B1.5, B1.6, B1.7, with A1 woven throughout (Ontario Mathematics, Grade 2, 2020).

In this unit you will become a stronger, faster math thinker! You will learn your addition and subtraction facts to 20, use math rules (like adding in any order) to make work easier, and see how adding and subtracting are partners. You will use mental math and estimation with numbers up to 50, then add and subtract two-digit numbers up to 100 with base-ten blocks, number lines and equations. You will solve many kinds of story problems and check that your answers make sense. Finally, you will begin multiplying (equal groups, including groups of halves and fourths) and dividing (sharing up to 12 things equally).

Remember from Grade 1: you added and subtracted to 20 with strategies like counting on, doubles and make ten. Grade 2 builds on those. Every lesson has hands-on activities you can do at home, lots of practice and a short quiz.

Curriculum expectations covered: B2.1, B2.2, B2.3, B2.4, B2.5, B2.6, with A1 (social-emotional learning skills and mathematical processes) woven in (Ontario Mathematics, Grade 2, 2020).

In this unit, Grade 2 students build on Grade 1 patterns, equality and coding, and take their first steps in mathematical modelling.

• Patterns and relationships (C1): find patterns in geometric designs and real life, including growing and shrinking patterns; create and translate patterns between shapes and numbers; state pattern rules and use them to extend, predict and find missing parts; and explore number patterns to 100.
• Equations and inequalities (C2): recognize variables (symbols like ☐, ? or n that stand for a number), find what to add or subtract to make two expressions equivalent, and show numbers to 100 in many equivalent ways, including with money and measurement.
• Coding (C3): write and run code with steps in order (sequential) and actions that happen at the same time (concurrent), then read, change and debug code and describe how changes affect the outcome.
• Mathematical modelling (C4): use the steps understand, assume, model, check and share to solve real-life problems like a mitten drive or planning picnic tables.

Throughout the unit, children practise explaining their thinking, listening to others, and keeping going when something does not work the first time (Strand A).

In this unit, children grow as data detectives. They sort things and people by two attributes at once using tables, Carroll diagrams and Venn diagrams. They ask questions that collect two pieces of information, gather data by interviewing, observing and experimenting, and organize it in two-way tally tables. They show data with one-to-one correspondence in concrete graphs, pictographs, line plots and bar graphs (with titles, labels and sources), find the mode (including two modes or no mode), and analyse data to draw conclusions, make convincing arguments and informed decisions.

The unit ends with probability: describing the likelihood of an event and its opposite with impossible, possible and certain, and predicting and testing whether another population will have the same mode. Explaining thinking, listening to others and checking work (Strand A) are woven through every lesson.

Curriculum expectations covered: D1.1, D1.2, D1.3, D1.4, D1.5, D2.1, D2.2, with A1 (Ontario Mathematics, Grade 2, 2020).

In this unit, children become shape detectives, map makers and measurers.

In geometry, they sort polygons by their number of sides, side lengths, angles and lines of symmetry. They compare angles with a square corner, put shapes together and take them apart, and discover that a shape's area stays the same when its pieces are moved around. They learn what makes two shapes congruent. They describe where several objects are and the moves (including quarter and half turns) needed to get from one to another, then make and read simple maps with symbols and a legend.

In measurement, they measure length with non-standard units and see that smaller units mean more units. They learn the standard units centimetre and metre (100 cm = 1 m), use benchmarks to estimate, and measure and draw lengths with a ruler, even when they don't start at 0. Finally, they use seconds, minutes, hours and non-standard units to describe how long events take, with help from an analog clock.

Throughout the unit, children are encouraged to keep trying when a puzzle is tricky, check their work, and explain their thinking ("How do you know?").

Curriculum expectations covered: E1.1, E1.2, E1.3, E1.4, E1.5, E2.1, E2.2, E2.3, E2.4 (Ontario Mathematics, Grade 2, 2020), with social-emotional learning skills and mathematical processes (strand A) woven in.

In Grade 1, children learned to name Canadian coins and bills and compare their values. In this unit they learn to count collections of money and to show the same amount in different ways: up to 200¢ with coins, and up to $200 with loonies, toonies and $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100 bills. They meet the brown $100 bill, trade coins and bills of equal value, find the fewest coins or bills for an amount, make organized lists, and solve everyday problems like "Do I have enough?" and "How else could I pay?"

Counting money builds skip counting by 5s, 10s, 20s, 25s, 50s and 100s, and helps children take part in everyday life, like shopping, saving and sharing. Every lesson has hands-on activities with real or play money, practice questions and a short quiz.

Curriculum expectations covered: F1.1 (Ontario Mathematics, Grade 2, 2020), with the mathematical processes and social-emotional learning skills (A1) woven through.