Canada, 1982 to the Present: Unit Review

It had no agreed amending formula, so changes to the BNA Act still had to be passed by the British Parliament.

No. The Charter limits governments. Private discrimination is handled under human rights codes (in Ontario, the Ontario Human Rights Code).

It lets Parliament or a legislature override section 2 and sections 7 to 15 for five years, renewable.

Any two: distinct society; a veto; a say in Supreme Court appointments; more power over immigration; opting out of federal programs with compensation.

As an Oji-Cree member of Manitoba's legislature, he refused consent to speed up the vote, so Manitoba could not ratify Meech Lake by the deadline; he objected that First Nations had been left out.

About 54% voted No in the October 26, 1992 referendum; many Quebecers thought it gave Quebec too little, many westerners thought it gave Quebec too much.

No 50.58%, Yes 49.42%, with turnout of about 93.5%.

A federal law saying the House of Commons decides whether a secession referendum's question and majority are clear.

The Parti Québécois won and formed a minority government, promising a sovereignty referendum in its first term but not before 2029.

A plan to expand a golf course into the Pines, land including a Mohawk cemetery claimed by Kanehsatà:ke.

Their reserve had been expropriated in 1942 for an army camp and never returned; the park contained a burial ground.

Comprehensive: no treaty was ever signed. Specific: Canada broke a historic treaty or mismanaged lands or money.

It ended loss of Indian status for First Nations women who married men without status, and let many people regain status.

***R. v. Powley* (2003)**, from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

April 1, 1999.

It was B.C.'s first modern treaty, recognizing Nisga'a land ownership and self-government in place of the Indian Act.

The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (2007); chaired by Justice Murray Sinclair.

Any one: Call 80 (September 30, 2021); Call 94 (citizenship oath, 2021); Call 58 (papal apology, 2022).

Awareness of the past, acknowledgement of harm, atonement for its causes, and action to change behaviour.

An apology, $21 000 for each eligible survivor, and funds including for the Canadian Race Relations Foundation.

The man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine (1932–1933); Canada recognized it as genocide in 2008 and marks the fourth Saturday in November.

Antisemitism continues (hate crimes targeting Jewish people have been the most common religion-based hate crimes); learning how prejudice and extreme ideologies led to genocide helps people recognize and resist hate.

About 23%.

Any two: Lincoln Alexander (Ontario lieutenant governor, 1985); Jean Augustine (first Black woman MP, 1993); Michaëlle Jean (Governor General, 2005); Greg Fergus (first Black Speaker, 2023).

23.0 − 16.1 = 6.9 percentage points.

A federal ban on northern cod fishing after stocks collapsed; about 30 000 people in Newfoundland and Labrador lost work.

Any one: Red River flood (1997); ice storm (1998); Fort McMurray fire (2016); 2023 wildfires.

The Emergencies Act has checks: parliamentary review, time limits, a required public inquiry, and the Charter still applies.

Any two: BlackBerry (RIM, Waterloo); Canadarm2; RADARSAT; the Ebola vaccine; deep learning/AI (Hinton, Bengio); lipid nanoparticles for mRNA vaccines.

He became the first Canadian to travel around the Moon on Artemis II (April 1–10, 2026).

Benefit: instant communication, information, jobs, remote access. Cost: privacy loss, misinformation, online hate, e-waste.

FTA (1989), NAFTA (1994), CUSMA (2020).

Under first-past-the-post, the anti-free-trade vote was split between the Liberals and the NDP, so the PCs won many ridings with less than half of the votes.

The U.S. did not confirm renewal; CUSMA remains in force (until at least 2036) but now faces annual reviews.

"The West wants in"; Preston Manning.

Federal payments to provinces with less ability to raise revenue, so services are reasonably comparable across Canada (section 36(2)).

Any two: French Language Services Act (1986); French-language school boards (1998); Montfort Hospital saved (2001); Franco-Ontarian flag recognized (2001).

The Canadian general who commanded the UN mission in Rwanda (1994), warned of the genocide, but was denied the resources to stop it.

The 1997 treaty, led by Canada, that bans anti-personnel landmines.

Peacekeeping: neutral forces between sides that agreed to a ceasefire, using force only in self-defence. Combat: fighting an enemy, as in the Gulf War (1991).

Combat and counter-insurgency in Kandahar province, along with reconstruction; 158 Canadian Armed Forces members died in the whole mission (2001–2014).

There was no UN Security Council approval (announced by Jean Chrétien, March 17, 2003).

Any one: softwood lumber; the Northwest Passage; cultural protection; tariffs (2025).

It was the first feature film written, directed and acted in Inuktitut, won at Cannes (2001), and showed Inuit telling their own stories.

To make sure Canadian artists are heard and seen next to the much larger U.S. industry (generally 35% Canadian popular music on commercial radio).

Example: Crosby's golden goal (2010) created a shared moment of national pride at a home Olympics. (Any accurate moment with a clear explanation.)

Mulroney, Campbell, Chrétien, Martin, Harper, Justin Trudeau, Carney.

Through floor crossings (five MPs) and winning three by-elections on April 13, 2026, reaching 174 seats.

Example: "Why did the Meech Lake Accord fail?" (Any focused why/how question about a real event.)