Water Systems: Unit Review

About 2.5%; most of it (about 69%) is frozen in ice sheets and glaciers, and about 30% is groundwater.

No. Fog is a cloud at ground level made of tiny liquid droplets; vapour is invisible.

Dissolved salt lowers the freezing point (to about −2 °C).

Sublimation.

900 000 ÷ 3 000 = 300 days.

Superior's residence time is about 191 years; Erie's is about 2.6 years, so Erie flushes out much faster.

The high ground separating one watershed from another.

Water crosses town borders but stays in its watershed; what happens upstream affects everyone downstream, so flooding, source water and planning must be managed for the whole watershed.

The Clean Water Act (2006).

Saturated: all spaces filled with water (below the water table). Unsaturated: spaces hold air and water (above it).

Natural: drought or a hot, dry summer. Human: pumping wells, paving, draining wetlands, dewatering quarries.

Its pores are tiny, so it has low permeability: water flows through it very slowly.

Greenland's ice is on land, so meltwater adds new water to the ocean. Sea ice is already floating and displacing its own weight of water.

Melting ice exposes darker water or land → it absorbs more sunlight → warming → more melting.

Glacier-fed rivers like the Bow may have less water in late summer in the future.

Water has a high specific heat capacity: it warms and cools slowly, storing heat in summer and releasing it in fall and winter.

Mostly in late fall and early winter, on the downwind shore of an unfrozen lake.

21 − (−12) = 33 °C, a large range, so it's more likely far from large water.

Physical: temperature or turbidity. Chemical: pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chloride. Biological: E. coli, benthic macroinvertebrates, algae.

The stream is probably healthy: these sensitive species need clean, oxygen-rich water.

None detectable in a 100 mL sample.

Non-point source: it comes from many streets and parking lots.

When the algae die, decomposers use up dissolved oxygen, and fish can't breathe.

Any two: buffer strips, right amount and timing of fertilizer, cover crops, better sewage treatment, phosphorus limits, picking up pet waste.

Coagulation → sedimentation → filtration → disinfection.

Usually straight to a creek or lake, without treatment.

Nothing changes: 41 is not below 40 and not above 90, so the pump stays OFF until the level drops below 40.

Any two: meters and pricing, watering bylaws, rebates, leak detection, smart meters, education.

Any one: water is alive, sacred or a relative; people have responsibilities to care for it, give thanks and protect it for future generations.

It combines Inuit knowledge of ice with sensors measuring ice thickness, so communities can choose safer routes.

38 in effect (in 36 communities); 158 lifted.

That cholera spreads through contaminated water (cases clustered around one pump).

Benefit: reliable fresh water for dry coastal places. Cost: high energy use, salty brine, high price.

Ontario passed the Safe Drinking Water Act (2002) (certified operators, testing) and the Clean Water Act (2006) (source protection).

Water exists, but people can't access it safely because of a lack of infrastructure, money or fair access.

(13 − 4.8) × 6 = 8.2 × 6 = 49.2 L.

What will be done, who, by when, and how success will be measured.